牛奶子锈病及其重寄生菌

2002年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家自然保护区和天全县喇叭河自然保护区牛奶子上发现了牛奶子锈病,经鉴定,该锈病为牛奶子春孢锈菌Aecidiumelaeagni-umbellatae Diet.其病株率100%、病叶率26%,叶片枯斑、脱落和削弱树势.在牛奶子锈病菌上采集到自然重寄生菌,经鉴定为Tuberculina sp.,该重寄生菌为国内外首次发现.重寄生菌寄生于牛奶子锈菌春孢子器出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放,具有潜在的生防应用价值.笔者对牛奶子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及牛奶子锈病菌的重寄生现象与重寄生菌的形态特征等进行了研究.     

侧沟茧蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明：侧沟茧蜂Microplitis sp．的触角上存在5种感觉器，分别为毛状感觉器A型、B型、C型，槽状感觉器，锥形乳头状感觉器，刺形感觉器和钟形感觉器。对触角感觉器的形态和分布进行了描述，并对两性间的差别进行了讨论，为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供依据。     

胶孢炭疽菌株QZ-97a分生孢子货架期及对温度的耐受力

将不同含水量的胶孢炭疽菌婆婆纳专化型菌株QZ 97a分生孢子粉置于4℃和室温下,密闭或开放贮存。结果表明,4℃下密闭贮藏6个月,分生孢子萌发率和芽管长度无明显降低,室温贮藏降低也不明显。贮藏10个月后,各种贮藏方式孢子的活力都显著下降。但以4℃、含水量4%、密闭贮藏孢子活力较为稳定,420d孢子萌发率为70 4%,芽管长度为贮藏60d时的43 2%。含水量9 6%、开放室温下贮藏的孢子粉活力下降最大。因此,温度和孢子粉含水量是影响孢子货架期的两个主要因素。分生孢子粉对温度有一定的耐受性,随温度增高,敏感性增强,60℃下分生孢子的活力下降显著,处理6min,孢子芽管长度较对照下降50%。     

Simple diagnosis using ethanol immersion of strawberry plants with latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum, Dendrophoma obscurans, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae

Simple diagnosis by ethanol immersion (SDEI) to detect Glomerella cingulata was used to detect three other fungi that also cause latent infection of strawberry plants. Signs on strawberry leaves with asymptomatic latent infection by Colletotrichum acutatum became visible using SDEI. Salmon-pink conidial masses were produced in the acervuli on the treated leaves 5 days after incubation at 28°C. In the case of Dendrophoma obscurans, pycnidia with amber conidial masses formed 5 days after incubation at 28°C. The pycnidia were observed mainly on the ribs, and conidial masses exuded from the ostiole. These macroscopic conidial masses were similar to those of G. cingulata and C. acutatum. When water was dripped onto a lesion caused by D. obscurans, the pycnidia exuded white filamentous conidial masses, making the distinction of D. obscurans from G. cingulata or C. acutatum. On petioles with latent infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, white aerial hyphae grew out from the vascular tissues on the cut surface 3 days after incubation at 28°C and were easily observed by eye or with a loupe. Thus, SDEI was also useful for diagnosing latent infection of strawberry plants by C. acutatum, D. obscurans, and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae.     

Identification and Characterisation of Bacteria Causing Soft-rot in Agave tequilana

Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms.     

苹果种质资源枝干轮纹病抗性评价

将田间自然发病抗性鉴定法与利用苹果轮纹病菌ZZ26人工接种枝条鉴定法相结合,对189份栽培种苹果种质资源进行了苹果轮纹病综合抗性鉴定,并根据抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。结果表明:不同苹果种质资源抗病性表现存在差异,但参试种质中未发现免疫种质。通过人工接种,189份苹果种质资源的抗病类型可分为:高抗(16个);中抗(75个);中感(81个);高感(17个)。通过田间调查,2012年得到抗病类型3种,即高抗(144个);中抗(44个);中感(1个)。2013年同样是3个抗病类型:高抗(14个);中抗(162个);中感(13个)。两年调查均无高感品种。2017年再次调查,结果显示田间调查与人工接种鉴定结果有随种植年限增加一致率逐渐提高的趋势,2012年为13.23%,2013年为38.62%,2017年则超过一半,达到57.14%。经过综合抗性筛选,最终得到表现一致性较好的高抗种质2份:北之幸和秦冠。     

大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松种子园球果花蝇防治技术

利用综合防治方法对加格达奇兴安落叶松种子园落叶松球果花蝇进行防治,结果表明:防治效果达到90%时,种子园出种率提高了10%,大幅度减少良种种子损失,增加良种供给率。     

2种羊巴贝斯虫的核型及系统发育分析

为明确引起羊巴贝斯虫病的病原虫莫氏巴贝斯虫临潭株(Babesia motasi Lintan,BLT)及羊巴贝斯虫未定种新疆株(Babesia sp.Xinjiang,BXJ)的核型和亲缘关系,通过DNA大片段脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和三代高通量测序对2种虫体进行核型分析和系统发育分析。结果表明:2种巴贝斯虫都有4条染色体,但基因组的大小与核型分析不一致,莫氏巴贝斯虫临潭株基因组大小为11.1 Mb,4条染色体大小分别为6.0 Mb、3.0 Mb、1.1 Mb和1.0 Mb;羊巴贝斯虫未定种新疆株基因组大小为7.0 Mb,4条染色体分别为2.4 Mb、2.0 Mb、1.7 Mb和0.9 Mb;羊巴贝斯虫未定种新疆株与牛巴贝斯虫的亲缘性较近,而莫氏巴贝斯虫临潭株与双芽巴贝斯虫的亲缘关系较近。     

Salt Effect on the Antioxidant Activity of Red Microalgal Sulfated Polysaccharides in Soy-Bean Formula

Sulfated polysaccharides produced by microalgae, which are known to exhibit various biological activities, may potentially serve as natural antioxidant sources. To date, only a few studies have examined the antioxidant bioactivity of red microalgal polysaccharides. In this research, the effect of different salts on the antioxidant activities of two red microalgal sulfated polysaccharides derived from Porphyridium sp. and Porphyridium aerugineum were studied in a soy bean-based infant milk formula. Salt composition and concentration were both shown to affect the polysaccharides’ antioxidant activity. It can be postulated that the salt ions intefer with the polysaccharide chains’ interactions and alter their structure, leading to a new three-dimensional structure that better exposes antiooxidant sites in comparison to the polysaccharide without salt supplement. Among the cations that were studied, Ca²⁺ had the strongest enhancement effect on antioxidant activities of both polysaccharides. Understanding the effect of salts on polysaccharides’ stucture, in addition to furthering knowledge on polysaccharide bioactivities, may also shed light on the position of the antioxidant active sites.     

一株Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性

为筛选西瓜枯萎病拮抗菌株并探究其抑菌特性,以齐齐哈尔市青昕蔬菜基地根际土为材料,采用平板对峙法筛选到1株能高效抑制西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum,Fon)的拮抗菌株,通过形态特征、16S rDNA、gyrA和gyrB序列分析鉴定其菌种;通过盆栽试验验证拮抗菌株对西瓜枯萎病的抑制作用;采用生长速率法研究拮抗菌株不同生长时期的无菌发酵滤液及其不同贮存条件下的抑菌能力;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察并分析无菌发酵滤液对Fon孢子形态和膜完整性的影响。结果表明,拮抗菌株WD为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,能有效抑制西瓜枯萎病的发生,抑制率达到57.57%,其无菌发酵滤液在衰亡期有较高的抑菌能力,对Fon菌丝生长抑制率为54.32%;无菌发酵滤液对温度、pH具有较高的耐受性,30 ℃、pH 7时抑菌活性最强,抑菌率可达58.36%;在4 ℃贮存至少45 d,且紫外光照120 min内对其抑菌活性没有影响;Fon孢子暴露在WD无菌发酵滤液下,孢子表面皱缩凹陷,膜完整性被破坏。综上所述,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WD是1株高效的拮抗菌株,为西瓜枯萎病生防菌剂的研发与利用奠定了基础。